Autoimmune and Movement Disorders

00:00 The following interview with Ray Peat was recorded on May 18th, 2012. If you’d like more information about Dr. Raymond Peat, you can go to his website, raypeat.com, r-a-y-p-e-a-t dot com, where there’s many interesting articles for free available for your enjoyment. Also, if you’re interested in hearing this show again, many politics and science shows are posted at radionumeralforall.net, radionumberforall.net, and when you get there, search for politics and science. Hello, and welcome to Politics and Science. I’m John Barkhausen, your host. Today, we’re going to talk about some autoimmune diseases and some movement disorder dysfunctions. I’m intrigued by them, not only because I have friends that are suffering from these, but also because the medical world offers so little knowledge about the diseases and so little hope or practical knowledge 01:02 in terms of treatment for what to do to help people. I’m very happy that Dr. Raymond Peat is here to join me again today. Dr. Peat has a PhD in biology from the University of Oregon and extensive knowledge of science history. There are many theories as to the causes of the diseases, and one common factor that is present in all of them and that most people agree on is inflammation. Ray, I just want to start off by asking you why is so little understood about these diseases? Well, I think there’s a lot more known than the public is aware of. The medical journals aren’t a good place to look if you’re just wanting to find out how much is known, but if you read widely in not only medical journals, but general science journals, you see that people have discovered really interesting things about all of them, and that there are patterns that show up across the various diseases that I think really things could be put into practice more than they are, 02:19 and there are people demonstrating improvement in the degenerative diseases with very simple antioxidant supplements and creatinine supplements and such that you just don’t hear about in the New York Times stories about advances in health. I think part of it is that when a generic substance looks like it might prevent or cure one of these horrible conditions, the drug industry isn’t interested and so there’s no advertising money to be made by running publicity about it. So nobody pursues it. Ray, can you explain where you’re finding out this knowledge of hopeful techniques to combat these diseases? A lot of it you can find right in PubMed and Google, some of it in more obscure journals, 03:26 but there’s enough to keep a person busy for years just putting pieces together like making a meaningful puzzle out of scraps from the various lines of thinking. If you follow one disease over 20 or 30 years, like Alzheimer’s, you’ll see there are styles focusing on the cholinergic nerve death or the accumulating fibrils, amyloid and such and explaining that as a toxin that causes the disease. The various different diseases, each one goes through its styles of what they think is interesting, the pressure on funding research that pushes generally towards a genetic explanation that makes a simple drug solution conceivable, 04:38 like something to stop that one genetic defect from taking its effect. So when you say styles, are you talking about certain fads in research that are prevalent at certain times? Definitely fads, but the basic big fads that has lasted for 100 years is the genetic explanation. Like in Huntington’s disease, it’s a certain repeat that causes a series of glutamine amino acids in the protein to increase and that creates a protein that shows up as if it’s doing damage. So the framework idea is that the gene expresses itself in a protein and the protein causes the symptoms of the disease. 05:45 And so it’s the idea that the gene is causing the disease. But there are several ways of approaching that. One is that something is causing this repeat to be formed in the gene itself. For example, they’ve noticed that generations, even though typically Huntington’s is thought to set in at the age of 40 or so, they’ve noticed that the children of those people developed about eight years earlier. And so each generation anticipates and starts the condition earlier. So there’s something causing that repeat in the protein to increase each generation. And that is something that’s slow to sink into the genetic causality that things are happening right now, 06:55 each generation creating a tendency to mutate in a certain direction. There were many genetic theories that said that mutations do have a directionality. And they used to explain the growth of horned antlers on geltz and swannas, getting bigger and bigger because of some tendency in the organism to go in a certain direction. Orthogenesis, they called it. But that was sort of vaguely anti-Dartwinian and inclined towards Lamarcus. And so it dropped out. But the idea of a defect in the gene that causes it to get worse and worse quickly with each generation is more acceptable 07:56 because in immunology, that was a solution to how antibodies can adapt so quickly to any conceivable infection or antigen. They said they have to adapt by mutating so fast that they can evolve in just a few days to match whatever antigen they’re exposed to. So this idea of almost directed mutation got put into genetics by way of immunology. And there are the trends in a few places. John Caron and Ted Steele are the people known to be working on the idea of directed mutations in a constructive way. 09:02 Yeah, I’m awfully confused by this because I think of geneticists as saying in the past at least that genes were a permanent thing that were passed on from generation to generation and could not be changed easily. Yeah, they have been open to the idea. They’re still not seeing it as anything deliberate or constructive, just a way the defect can develop. But it’s a way to save the genetic causality rather than seeing that the same thing causing the symptoms of the disease might also be causing the genes to change in the same direction. That’s what they don’t want to see is a link between the way the gene changes and the function of the protein in the life of the individual organism. 10:09 That’s where it implies lomarchism. You mean that the organism is directing the gene mutation? Yeah, or that something is causing the organism on the cellular, not genetic level to change at the same time. The gene that regulates that cellular function is changing in the same direction. They shouldn’t be coordinated that way so that the function and the gene change simultaneously or even with the information going from the function into the gene. Because that would mean that the organism is a propulsive being on the evolutionary level. Yeah, exactly. That’s the whole point ever since the anti-Dartwinians in the 19th century, Weissmann in particular, they hated the idea that things could be changing meaningfully or purposefully. 11:25 And wanted to say that there is no real change and genes were the way of proving that you might get a different mixture of traits, but the traits are eternal. And the gene is what causes that. One of the people questioning this, Jane Shapiro, was working along in ordinary bacterial genetics. And he noticed that individuals exposed to an antibiotic could become resistant to it and that they could pass that information on very intentionally to their neighbors. And it could even cross a variety of one bacteria to another and spread it through whole systems. And that got him thinking about this idea of purposeive change. 12:27 And he’s proposed that the organism does genetic engineering along the lines of what Barton McClendon was talking about. But he says this is the general way genetics works in the organism, that the organism is its own genetic engineer doing changes for its own benefit. Yeah, I can believe it because I was looking today at a physiology book trying to understand the nervous system because a lot of the diseases we started off talking about are diseases of the nervous system. And it’s pretty phenomenal if you open up an encyclopedia and look at how the nervous system is laid out. It’s an awe-inspiring system. And the idea that some scientists and philosophers think that that happened by random evolutionary trial and error seems impossible to my mind. 13:30 Yeah, the establishment of genetics biology system, including most of medicine, are attacking James Shapiro with his application of the Barton McClendon way of thinking. And what was your point? The randomness is such a deep part of their way of thinking that they’re accusing Shapiro of being a creationist. And he says, well, the creationists sometimes speak very reasonably. And sometimes the so-called Darwinis don’t speak so scientifically and reasonably. And so he is attacking the science-invoking creationists because sometimes their arguments are possible. 14:38 Yeah, I mean, I don’t personally buy into the father figure in the sky looking down on us all. No, but he’s saying that the organism itself is creating itself. Yeah, that life has intelligence, you’ve said before. That, to me, has the ring of truth to it. Because as you look around the world and see, basically, as you say, the world organizing itself, it’s a good example of the intelligence all around us. And one of the things that sort of interested me that Carl Lindegren said in his book Cold War and Biology, which was that in order to practice science back in the 40s and 50s in the United States, it was very helpful to profess some kind of belief in a God in order to keep your job. He said that professors were afraid to say they were an atheist or agnostic. Yeah, all of my professors were church goers, which used to be in the 19th century. 15:44 They tended to be agnostics biologists specifically. But it really did get a religious boost in the 1940s with the anti-materialist. But what it was was a different kind of materialism, a randomness-based materialism, rather than the idea that material is part of the purpose of intelligent life process. Bringing this back to our topic today and talking about the inflammation that appears to be present in all of these diseases we’re talking about, whether we’re talking about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease, or multiple sclerosis, which you’ve written about quite a bit, or rheumatoid arthritis, all these diseases which they don’t really have any known cause or cure for involve inflammation. 16:51 And maybe you could outline for us how science has perceived inflammation over the years. In the middle of the 20th century, there was a heavy concentration on inflammation as a reaction to infection, to the extent that about 40 years ago, 35 years ago when I mentioned to a recent graduate something about sterile inflammation, she wouldn’t let me continue and said there’s no such thing as sterile inflammation. But in 1900 and before people were demonstrating that you could extract something from infectious organisms that would create inflammation, even if it was sterile. And then with the radiation experiments, they found that radiation created inflammation or trauma, completely sterile burns, 17:56 shutting off the blood supply creates inflammation. And I think the only way to approach inflammation is to think of it as a gap that shouldn’t exist between the demands made on the cells or the tissue and the resources to meet those demands. If you traumatize or overstimulate a tissue, or if you don’t provide enough sugar and oxygen and carbon dioxide to meet that stimulation, to hold the stimulation under control, then things go wrong. And the tissue becomes a demodus, and chain reactions happen that can kill the tissue, or that if the organism can manage to recruit enough systems to provide sugar, for example, 19:05 and to stop the excitation, then it can heal. The little inflammation rouses the organism to cause regeneration, otherwise it can lead to fibrosis and atrophy. So let’s use an example of one of these diseases, like multiple sclerosis. The myelin sheath, for some unknown reason, according to the medical authorities, becomes worn away or taken away, and the nerves stop functioning and people start having trouble with motor control. They say it’s caused by inflammation, and how does that relate to your idea? It causes a lack of energy. It will cause a tissue to swell up, take up water, and as it swells up, the tissue tries to renew itself. Cells are always renewing themselves in a tremendous turning process of taking down the old stuff and putting up new stuff. 20:13 For example, someone, as I said, during the night, I think it was 60%!o(MISSING)f our molecules in our brain, the fat substance that’s a big part of the brain, 60%!o(MISSING)f them are totally resynthesized every night. Just an hour after death, a massive amount of the brain substance has decomposed because it isn’t constantly being reconstituted. So you have to think in terms of a healthy, stable organism as being in extremely intense turnover processes. And so if you cut off the energy supply, the first thing that happens is the cell takes up water and that excites the restorative process to run faster. But if it takes up more and more water, that shifts the whole direction and the cell at a certain stage of excitation will de-differentiate 21:22 and try to turn into a stem cell to grow new tissue as a healing process. And if there’s even less energy, then that process stops. But when you have just a chronic, slight energy degradation, you get a chronic, slight edema. And that edema, one of the things that happens is that the myelin swells up and while it’s being taken down, it isn’t being resynthesized efficiently. Thyroid, progesterone, pregnenolone, and saturated fatty acids are things that support the reforming of the myelin. And when the energy is down, for example, thyroid is low, then you can’t make the pregnenolone and progesterone. And so you just can’t synthesize it as fast as it’s being taken down. 22:25 So it’s really a condition where you’re put under stress and you don’t have the energy resources to keep rebuilding yourself under that stress. Yeah, and it’s just remarkably similar in the processes in the degenerative brain diseases of aging or the development of cancer or of deforming arthritis, inflammation of chronic inflammation like pancreatitis, hepatitis, chronic kidney disease and so on. All the same processes are involved just in different proportions of energy supply and irritation or simulation. Is that what Zend Georgie referred to as the condition of being sick? Yeah, that was Han Selye. Oh, it was Han Selye, thank you. Yeah, and that’s just a shortage of energy, basically. 23:27 Yeah, I think the gap between stimulation and energy resources, it’s used to define excitotoxicity that kills brain cells, but it’s really the same process in your pancreas or kidney or skin anywhere. Exactly the same energy systems, slight differences in the particular proteins that are like in Huntington’s disease, there’s that polyglutamine repeat that accumulates, but it’s really just a symptom of an inflammatory state with a particular history that leads to that being the problem. But the fact that it usually waits until you’re 40 years old means that the same with rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease or any of these chronic inflammatory things, they almost never develop in little kids. 24:34 It takes a while being exposed to certain environments for each kind of thing to develop, but there are a few common factors in the organism in this environment that are involved in almost all of these Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, Lou Gehrig’s disease, Huntington’s various nervous dimension diseases and MS. Yeah, the skeletal nervous inflammatory diabetes even involves inflammation and the failure to regenerate properly. The beta cells are being killed in the same way the brain cells are being killed, basically. Instead of making insulin as the cells are renewed, the cells are killed as fast as they’re renewed, so they stop making insulin. 25:39 But if you stop killing them, then you can start making insulin again, same with the brain. If you stop killing the brain, it’s always in a process of repairing regeneration. I might have mentioned a man with ALS that I talked to about, I guess, eight or ten years ago, 70 years old, and he had had all the best neurologists examine him, and he absolutely was convinced he had a garage disease and was declining the same as other people he met in the neurology offices. And he decided to start doing things to stop inflammation and support repair, and he did them consistently for a few months while still declining. But then he stopped declining and within a few months was repaired. It was less than a year of the whole process, and people he had met in the neurology offices went ahead with the same rate of decline and were totally disabled by the time he was totally well. 26:59 That’s impressive. One of the things you’ve talked about in terms of helping your body rebuild from conditions like this is basically a very simple thing, just keeping your blood sugar up. Maybe you can describe what happens when somebody is low on blood sugar, reading you, talking about what happens basically is a catabolic effect that happens in your body just from low blood sugar. To my mind is pretty convincing about how important it is to keep your blood sugar up. The first thing when your blood sugar falls because your liver hasn’t stored enough glycogen to turn into glucose, the first reaction is for adrenaline to increase to try to squeeze more glycogen into your circulation for your brain primarily. And when the glycogen is absolutely gone, the adrenaline keeps activating the breakdown of fat and provides increased amounts of circulating fat to make up for the lack of sugar. 28:07 But after the fat becomes a source of energy, you yourself still need some sugar to maintain their basic processes, and so they turn protein into sugar. And to do that, they increase cortisol, which breaks down muscle, skin, thymus gland. Thymus is the first to go, and the cortisol will eat up your muscle and skin and immune system pretty quickly to feed your heart, lungs, and brain to keep them alive. And so every time your blood sugar falls, you’re shifting over to fat metabolism and breaking down protein so that your muscles are one of the places that store glycogen. So as your muscles get smaller, then more burden is put on your liver to keep your blood sugar steady, and that makes your liver progressively suffer, and eventually it gets to the point that your brain isn’t getting either the right energy or the right kind of energy. 29:30 But one of the things that happens with aging is that we progressively, from the time we’re born, at birth, we’re very highly saturated in our fats because they’ve been formed from glucose in utero, and we can only make saturated, monounsaturated, and omega minus 9 unsaturated fats when we’re supplied with either sugar. But once we start eating in the ordinary environment, our tissues start loading up on the polyunsaturated from the environment. By the time a person is 40, the brain is pretty full of either the arachnidonic acid series, or if they have eaten a lot of fish, there’ll be mostly the long, highly unsaturated fats. 30:33 There’ll mostly be the DHA type of fish oil derived omega minus 3 fats, and even with a pretty average diet, the old person’s brain is very highly biased towards the DHA type fats. And if you look at Parkinson’s disease, their favorite genetic protein that some people like to say is the cause of Parkinson’s disease. Synnuclein is the Parkinson’s equivalent of the glutamine repeat of Huntington’s, or the amyloid, or Tau fibrils of Alzheimer’s disease. Each disease can have its own protein that goes haywire. In the case of Parkinson’s, it’s the alpha synnuclein, and DHA, the fish type of unsaturated fat, causes the synnuclein protein to change to its toxic form that appears in Parkinson’s disease. 31:55 And saturated fats can protect against that. So very clearly in Parkinson’s, you can see the role of fat in inclining the brain towards that degenerative change in the protein. And since pretty much everyone in the environment accumulates these highly unsaturated fats, especially in their brain, but in all tissues, with aging, by the time you’re 30 or 40, you become more and more susceptible to all of the degenerative inflammatory diseases. He says very much in proportion to the unsaturated fats. And you can find the breakdown products corresponding to the seriousness of Alzheimer’s disease, or Huntington’s, or multiple sclerosis. The specific breakdown products, such as acrolean, which comes largely from the omega minus 3 fats, the various reactive breakdown products show that these unstable fats are breaking down at an increased rate in the degenerative brain conditions. 33:21 I see. And you’ve also, in that sort of cascade of bad effects from low blood sugar after the free fatty acids are released, you said that actually pulls down your whole thyroid system, and maybe you could talk about that. A series of studies in France about 30 years ago, 25 to 30, showed that exactly in proportion to the number of double bonds in the fat, increasing from a purely saturated fat, such as steric acid or palmitic acid, through oleic acid, increasing with linoleic, even more with linolemic, and greatly with the 5 to 6 double bonds. Each increased double bond compares the thyroid function at the level of secretion, transport, and response. 34:25 They looked at four different systems, different kinds of response in the cell, but every one of these was impaired in proportion to the degree of unsaturation of the free fatty acids in the blood. When was that study done, Ray? In the 80s, in annals of endocrinology, in a French journal. Well, they are traditionally the, up into recent history, the kings of using saturated fat in their cooking. A French cuisine is known for its use of butter. Well, the French have, they have fallen for the propaganda against saturated fats and cholesterol and so on, to the extent that some of their famous fat researchers were convinced that giving a fish oil supplement to pregnant women would make their babies smarter, 35:30 even though animal studies showed that in proportion to the unsaturation of the fat in the pregnant animal’s diet, the baby’s brains were smaller unless they were able to learn that, in a way, the French fed some pregnant women the unsaturated fats while measuring the fetus’s ability to react to sounds applied to the abdomen. And they found that contrary to what they believed would happen, the learning was impaired by the diet with more of the highly unsaturated fats. And when the babies were born in line with the animal experiments, their growth was retarded. Well, that seems really immoral to be testing that theory out on infants and their mothers. 36:31 Well, the publicity of the animal studies has pretty much suppressed the fact that these fats didn’t have consistently good effects on brain and diet development, but got politicized with the few studies showing what were interpreted to be good studies. And on the basis of that, the baby food industry was allowed to add these things to their powdered milk for making baby formula. But even in the powdered milk, they’re so unstable that breakdown products, toxic oxidation fragments are just tremendously increased in these baby food additives. But still, the publicity is such that they’re promoted as protective. So currently, as it stands today, baby formula that people are using has the DHA oils in them? 37:33 A lot of them do, I don’t know if there are some without it. Yeah, that’s a little discouraging. Yeah, I can see adults going along with different fads and trying things out for themselves, but when you start experimenting with infants, it seems like not a very good idea. One of the things that happens at the same time these unsaturated fats are accumulating in the body is that the ratio of estrogen to progesterone in the body is increasing. So by the time a woman is 40, she has, in an absolute sense, her estrogen is even higher than it was when she was 20. But even worse is that her progesterone has decreased so the ratio is shifted very powerfully in the direction of estrogen. And estrogen happens to synergize with the polyunsaturated fats so that women have more DHA circulating in their blood. 38:41 And these polyunsaturated activate the action of a given amount of estrogen and at the same time interfere with the production of progesterone and suppress thyroid, which has the same bias, lower thyroid increases, estrogen decreases progesterone. But the estrogen industry has convinced most doctors that estrogen is good for the brain and for preventing heart disease and strokes and so on, so that when the Women’s Health Initiative kind of pointed out that estrogen supplements increased dementia, heart attacks and strokes and things that reinforced what animal studies had shown. The medical establishment took two or three years to respond and come back and say, what must have been wrong with that Women’s Health Initiative study to incriminate estrogen in dementia and heart disease? 39:52 That’s what they’re saying now, that the study was wrong. The very heavy propaganda to improve the sales of estrogen which dropped off drastically when that study came out. That was a very convincing study. Yeah, especially because it absolutely corroborated in not a too strong way, but it was absolutely in line with the animal research going back 50 years before then. And these diseases we’re talking about today, they affect women way more than they affect men. I think MS is 10 to 1 and if we get what ALS is. Even Alzheimer’s, in the 90s it was already well documented that women had two or two and a half times the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease as men. And in spite of that, the people who wanted to sell estrogen said, well, that’s because women’s estrogen declines with aging. 40:55 But in fact, by the age of 40, it has increased tremendously and that’s when the brain damage is being done by the bad ratio of estrogen to progesterone. I know you’ve covered this before, Ray, but explain how it is that people think estrogen is declining when it actually isn’t. It’s increasing and the tests just don’t pick it up. Well, one thing is that the estrogen is stuck when it’s in the cells working. It’s bound to the things they call estrogen receptors. And progesterone’s effect, which should rise right after ovulation, there should be this huge excess of progesterone. Progesterone destroys, decomposes the estrogen binding proteins and activates enzymes that inactivate estrogen, getting it out of the cells. So if you’re deficient in progesterone, you can’t get estrogen out of the cells and it not only stays there, 42:02 but it even, with its own action, it tends to activate enzymes that create more estrogen so that your aromatase in your fat tissue and fibrous tissue and various tissues increases making fat outside of the ovaries as you age. Even in a young monkey, they were studying the estrogen output in the ovary and the control they used to blood coming from the arm veins and found that the monkey’s arm was producing more estrogen than its ovary was. And that process increases with age. But most of the estrogen, when you’re deficient in progesterone, most of the estrogen stays inside cells working, affecting the cells rather than getting out into the blood of where it could be excreted. 43:06 And so the only way you can really tell how much estrogen influence a person has when they’re 50 years old is to take a snip of tissue and analyze its estrogen content. And on top of our bodies producing more estrogen as we age, we have a huge environmental load coming down on us because many of the chemicals we use in our modern lifestyle are estrogenic and plus pollution is estrogenic. Yeah, in the 1930s before the estrogen industry took off, people were studying what estrogen is and does and they found that soot is estrogenic and the same things that produce the estrogen effect produce inflammation and cancer and that basically its process of cell excitation followed or accompanied by blocking oxidative energy production. 44:15 And that was pretty much covered up when the estrogen industry convinced doctors that estrogen was the female hormone that would prevent infertility and aging and so on. Yeah, good for their business and bad for everybody else. The interaction of estrogen as an excitatory thing with the polyunsaturated fats which are excitatory things, these besides producing inflammation and blocking energy production, they activate other systems. For example, the glutamate, glutamic acid, the white monosodium glutamate produces brain injury because that excites cells to the point that if there’s not enough energy supplied the cells will die. But estrogen and the unsaturated fats both activate this glutamate excitatory system 45:26 and those interact all of them to increase the acid of the enzymes that the transglutaminase is the enzyme that’s involved in celiac disease, the gluten sensitivity disease. And this enzyme is normally involved in maturing cells that are under the influence of stress as in the surface of the skin when it’s maturing into a hardened, keratinized layer or in the uterus as estrogen is causing the lining of the uterus to mature and cause keratinized cells to form. But in the brain this excitation from unsaturated fats, lipoproxidation, breakdown and estrogen and the glutamic acid system, these excite the formation of the transglutaminase and transglutaminase happens to form polymers 46:34 and fibrils and deposits of these various enzymes that are known to accumulate in Huntington’s Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis and so on. The top protein, for example, in Alzheimer’s disease, transglutaminase activates a reaction at the end of the top protein or in various places with all of these other proteins that accumulate and form fibrils. And this enzyme works on amino groups which, when the metabolism is healthy and producing energy by the use of oxidative metabolism, it’s producing a constant supply of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide spontaneously combines with amino groups, all kinds of amino groups. 47:41 Every protein in the body should have its supply of carbon dioxide preventing the action of enzymes such as transglutaminase which would bind them and cause them to condense and form fibrils. And I suspect that in places where estrogen is dominant or in the skin where the cells are exposed to pure air, the carbon dioxide is displaced either by the effective estrogen or just by the high saturation of oxygen. And the absence of the carbon dioxide will allow us this transglutaminase, the crosslink, inactivate and harden the proteins. But when it happens inside your brain, you get these abnormal deposits of protein that should only happen in cells that are permanently differentiating and getting ready to slough off. 48:45 And your body is getting rid of. So CO2 is very important to the health of the body. There was a survey in Nepal at very high altitudes. They found lots of sick people but they didn’t find the degenerative brain diseases that you would expect at lower altitudes, poor populations. And I suspect that is because when you adapt to a high altitude, your body retains a much higher level of carbon dioxide. Your blood is more in the carbamino state but probably all your proteins are. And you said that reduced thyroid function, not having enough of the active thyroid hormone T3, if you don’t have enough, that’s when you start having trouble not only with energy levels but also the myelin sheath of your nerves. Can’t regenerate without the T3, is that right? 49:46 Yeah. The first five people that I met who had a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, I was starting to believe there wasn’t such a thing as multiple sclerosis because all of those first five people had such classical symptoms of hypothyroidism. I pointed that out when they took thyroid, their symptoms totally disappeared. So it’s very easy to confuse hypothyroidism with multiple sclerosis. So in the few minutes we have left, Raymond, maybe you could just run over what are some of the simple things people can do to alleviate their symptoms or even avoid them entirely? Well, it’s known that aspirin prevents most of these degenerative conditions. People who have chronically used some aspirin are much less likely to have Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. 50:50 And caffeine is another generally protective thing against inflammation, fibrosis and degeneration. And avoidance of the polyunsaturated fats I think is the basic most important thing and avoiding anti-thyroid foods. The worst anti-thyroid foods are these polyunsaturated fats. And protein levels, keeping your protein level up? Yeah, and gelatin seems to have a therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect. So eating the cheapest cuts of meat, bones and skin. In the U.S., few people eat the skin and since the fats avoidance fad, people tend to eat skinless chicken and so on. But when the animals are fed a good diet, the skin fat is more saturated, so pork rinds are a very good source of gelatin. 51:56 And if you boil a chicken, even without the feet and other parts, the skin and bones will release a lot of gelatin, which is an anti-inflammatory protective protein. How much and how important it is to keep your blood sugar up to handle stresses? And how should one do that? I have a feeling that a lot of our problems today, at least in some people, is that they’re avoiding sugar because it’s gotten such a bad rap. Yeah, every day I hear at least one or two people saying what happened when they started eating sugar. One guy this morning said his hair stopped falling out a couple days after he started eating sugar. But a kid who was having seizures and had gone down to 112 pounds in just two or three weeks is back up to his normal weight for eating something like 8 or 9 ounces of sugar added to his other foods. 52:59 In a crisis, sugar in itself is a simple honey or sugar can be very therapeutic, but in general, you want to shift your diet towards fruit rather than grains and starchy vegetables. Just to finish up, you were saying that starches are a bad way to get sugar, like wheat is bad. Yeah, partly because of the other things they’re associated with, but one of the things they do harmfully is to support bacterial growth. The poorly cooked starches or the more undercooked vegetables and complex forms of starch support bacterial growth. The bacteria produce endotoxin, and endotoxin works with these other pro-inflammatory things. Some of the structural changes of the degenerative proteins are very similar to the structure that is defensive against endotoxin. 54:13 So some of them might be provoked by the presence of endotoxin as a defensive reaction, but it’s well known that the polyunsaturated fats activate the prion formation and so on, but the unsaturated fats are probably biologically analogous to the endotoxin produced by the bacteria. You’ve written a lot about the relationship of mal-digestion of food, creating a lot of the problems that we’ve been talking about or helping to exacerbate them. Yeah, and the unsaturated fats contribute even at the digestive level because they interfere with protein-digestive enzymes, as well as after they get into the bloodstream. Well, we’ve filled up the hour ray. It’s gone very fast, and I really appreciate you coming on Politics and Science again. 55:21 And perhaps at some point we can follow up and get into some of the details of how digestion does relate to disease, because I think that’s something that the medical world doesn’t cover at all. Yeah, if you go back to the mid-19th century, you see that medicine was really making progress, and then into the 20th century, the Russians were continuing digestive physiology, but after about 1920s in the U.S., it was pretty much ignored. All right, well, thanks so much for sharing your knowledge with us, and I’ll give out your contact information when we’re done. Okay, thanks. All right, thanks a lot, Ray. Yeah, bye-bye. You’ve been listening to an interview with Dr. Raymond Peat, recorded on May 18th, 2012. More information about Dr. Peat’s work can be found at raypeat.com, that’s R-A-Y-P-E-A-T dot C-O-M. 56:29 You’ll find many, many articles all there for your enjoyment, and all searchable for whatever topic you’re interested in. If you’re interested in this interview or other interviews that are done by Politics and Science, you can find some of them posted at their podcast page, which is radioforall.net. That’s radio and then the number four, and then all.net, radioforall.net. And when you get to radioforall.net, search for Politics and Science. I’ve been your host, John Barkhausen. I hope you’ve enjoyed this interview, and please tune in again next week for another edition of Politics and Science.